Description of African American Vernacular English

Language Variation

Abrahams, Roger D. Talking Black. Rowley MA: Newbury, 1976.

Abrahams, Roger. "Negotiating Respect: Patterns of Presentation among Black Women." Women and Folklore. Ed. Claire Farrer. U of Texas P, 1975.

Arcola, Dongola. American Language. New York, 1937.

Bailey, Guy. "The Idea of Black English." SECOL Review 14 (Spring 1990): 1-24.

Bailey, Guy, and Natalie Maynor. "The Divergence Controversy." American Speech 64.1 (1989): 12-39.

Butters, Ronald R. The Death of Black English: Divergence and Convergence in Black and White Vernaculars. New York: Lang, 1989.

"The Speech of Negroes in Colonial America." Journal of Negro History 24.3 (July 1939).

Abrahams, Roger D. The Man-of-Words in the West Indies. Johns Hopkins UP.

Alleyne, Mervyn C. Comparative Afro-American: An Historical-Comparative Study of English-Based Afro-American Dialects of the New World. Ann Arbor: Karoma, 1971.

Alleyne, Mervyn C. "Continuity versus Creativity in Afro-American Language and Culture." Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties. Ed. Salikoko S. Mufwene. Athens: U Georgia P, 1993. 167-81. PE3102.N4 A35 1993

Alleyne, Mervyn C. "The Cultural Matrix of Creolisation." Pidginisation and Creolisation. Ed. Dell Hymes. Cambridge UP, 1971. 169-86.

Alleyne, Mervyn C. "The Linguistic Continuity of African in the Caribbean." Topics in Afro-American Studies. Ed. Henry J. Richards. Buffalo: Black Academy P, 1971. 119-34.

Arcola, Dongola. American Language. New York, 1937.

Asante, Molefi Kete. "African Elements in African-American English." Africanisms in American Culture. Ed. Joseph E. Holloway. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1990. 19-34. E185 .A26 1990

Asante, Molefi Kete. African and African American Communication Continuities. Buffalo NY: Council on International Studies, 1975.

Bailey, Guy. "The Idea of Black English." SECOL Review 14 (Spring 1990): 1-24.

Bailey, Guy. "A Perspective on African-American English." American Dialect Research. Ed. Dennis Preston. John Benjamins, 1993. 287-318.

Bailey, Guy, and Natalie Maynor. "The Divergence Controversy." American Speech 64 (1989): 12-39.

Bailey, Guy, Natalie Maynor, and Patrica Cukor-Avila, eds. The Emergence of Black English: Text and Commentary. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1991.

Bastide, Roger. African Civilizations in the New World. Trans. Peter Green. London: C. Hurst, 1971.

Baugh, John. Black Street Speech.: Its History, Structure, and Survival Austin: University of Texas P, 1983. PE3102.N42 B38 1983.

Brewer, Jeutonne. "Subject Concord of BE in Early Black English." Papers in Linguistic Variation: SAMLA-ADS. Ed. David L. Shores and Carole P. Hines. University, AL: U Alabama P, 1977. 161-75.

Cassidy, Frederic G. "Learning from Dictionaries." Language Variation in North American English: Research and Teaching. Ed. A. Wayne Glowka and Donald M. Lance. New York: Modern Language Association, 1993. 63-9.

Dalby, David. "Black Through White: Patterns of Communication in Africa and the New World." Black-White Speech Relations. Ed. Walt Wolfram and Nona C. Clarke. Arlington: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1971. 99-138.

Dalby, David. "O.K., A.O.K. and Oke." New York Times (8 January 1971).

Dalby, David. "The African Element in American English." Rappin' and Stylin' Out: Communication in Urban Black America. Ed. Thomas Kochman. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1972. 301.451 K814r

Dalgish, Gerald M. A Dictionary of Africanisms: Contributions of Sub-Saharan Africa to the English Language. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1972. PE3401 .D3 1982

Decamp, David. "Introduction: The Study of Pidgin and Creole Languages." Pidginization and Creolization of Languages. Ed. Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1971. 13-39. 410.63 P594

Dillard, J.L. All-American English. New York: Random House, 1975.

Dillard, J.L. Black English: Its History and Usage in the United States. New York: Random House, 1973.

Dillard, J.L. "Non-Standard Negro Dialects: Convergence or Divergence?" Afro-American Anthropology: Contemporary Perspectives. Ed. Norman E. Whitten, Jr., and John F. Szwed. New York: Free P, 1970. GN645 .W45

Dillard, J.L. "On a Context for Dialect Data: The Case of Black English." The Florida FL Reporter (Spring/Fall 1972): 17-18, 53-4.

Dillard, J.L. "On the Beginnings of Black English in the New World." Linguistic Perspectives on Black English. Ed. Philip A. Luelsdorff. Regensburg, Germany: Hans Carl, 1975. 29-44.

Dillard, J.L. "The Creolist and the Study of Negro Non-Standard Dialects in the Continental United States." Pidginization and Creoloization of Languages. Ed. Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1971. 394-408.

Dillard, J.L. "The Historian's History and the Reconstructionist's History in the Tracing of Linguistic Variants." The Florida FL Reporter (Spring/Fall 1973): 9-10, 41.

Edwards, Walter F., and Donald Winford, Eds. Verb Phrase Patterns in Black English and Creole. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1991.

Fishman, Joshua A., and J.L. Dillard. Perspectives on Black English. The Hague: Mouton, 1975.

Fasold, Ralph W. "Are Black and White Vernaculars Diverging?" American Speech 62 (1987): 3-5.

Fasold, Ralph W. "Decreolization and Autonomous Language Change." The Florida FL Reporter 10 (1972): 9-12, 51.

Garrett, Romeo B. "African Survivals in American Culture." Journal of Negro History 51.4 (October 1966): 239-46.

Gibson, Kean. "The Habitual Category in Guyanese and Jamaican Creoles." American Speech 63 (1988): 195-202.

Gilroy, Paul. The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double-Consciousness. Harvard UP, 1993. Traces the emergence of a shared black culture that transcends the boundaries of Africa, the Caribbean, Europe, and the United States.

Greenberg, Joseph H. "The Languages of Africa." Publication no. 25 of the Indiana U Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics (January 1963).

Hall, Robert A. "The African Substratum in Negro English." American Speech 25 (1950): 51-4.

Holloway, Joseph E., and Winifred K. Vass. The African Heritage of American English. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1993. PE3102.N4 H65 1993

Howard, Rebecca Moore. "The Great Wall of African American Vernacular English in the American College Classroom." JAC 16.2 (1996): 265-84.

Huttar, George. "Identifying Africanisms in New World Languages: How Specific Can We Get?" Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties. Ed. Salikoko S. Mufwene. Athens: U Georgia P, 1993. 47-63. PE3102.N4 A35 1993

Keller, Bruce, ed. The Harlem Renaissance: A Historical Dictionary from the Era. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1989.

Labov, William. "The Notion of 'System' in Creole Studies." Pidginization and Creolization of Languages. Ed. Del Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1971. 447-72.

Livingston-Webber, Joan. "The Debate over the Historical Origins of Black English." Unpublished manuscript. 1984.

Mahar, William J. "Black English in Early Blackface Minstrelsy: A New Interpretation of the Sources of Minstrel Show Dialect." American Quarterly (Summer 1985).